Peer-reviewed Research

Validation Publications

• 2000 — Lee — A valid, accurate, office based non-radioactive test for gastric emptying of solids — Gut — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1756454/

• 2001 — Viramontes — Validation of a stable isotope gastric emptying test for normal, accelerated or delayed gastric emptying — Neurogastroenterology & Motility — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11903917/

• 2008 — Szarka — A Stable Isotope Breath Test With a Standard Meal for Abnormal Gastric Emptying of Solids in the Clinic and in Research — Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3739971/

• 2011 — Odunsi — Optimizing Analysis of Stable Isotope Breath Tests to Estimate Gastric Emptying of Solids — Neurogastroenterology & Motility — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2704250/

• 2013 — Bharucha — Comprehensive assessment of gastric emptying with a stable isotope breath test — Neurogastroenterology & Motility — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3843948/

• 2018 — Lopez Nava — Utility of the office-based Gastric Emptying Breath Test (GEBT) in lieu of gastric scintigraphy to measure physiologic response to the single fluid-filled intragastric balloon — AGA Abstracts — https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(18)33524-8/fulltext

• 2025 — Varma — Utility of a ¹³C--Spirulina Stable Isotope Gastric Emptying Breath Test in Diabetes Mellitus — Neurogastroenterology & Motility — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39873950/

• 2025 — Karrento — ¹³C-Spirulina Gastric Emptying Breath Test Normative Values in Healthy Children: A Multicenter Study with Comparison to Symptomatic Children — The American Journal of Gastroenterology — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40377233/

Clinical Utility Publications

• 2015 — Camilleri — Relamorelin A Novel Gastrocolokinetic Synthetic Ghrelin Agonist — Neurogastroenterology & Motility — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25545036/

• 2015 — Bharucha — Delayed Gastric Emptying is Associated with Early and Long-Term Hyperglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus — Gastroenterology — https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(15)00679-4/fulltext

• 2017 — Camilleri — Efficacy and Safety of Relamorelin in diabetes with symptoms of gastroparesis: a randomized placebo controlled study — Gastroenterology — https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(17)35966-8/pdf

• 2020 — Carlin — Efficacy and Safety of Tradipitant in Patients With Diabetic and Idiopathic Gastroparesis — Gastroenterology — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32693185/

• 2020 — Kovacic — Gastric emptying in healthy children using the Spirulina breath test: the impact of gender body size and pubertal development — Neurogastroenterology & Motility — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33300658/

• 2020 — Vargas — Changes in time of GE after surgical and endoscopic bariatric and weight loss — Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30954712/

• 2021 — Orsagh Yentis — Spirulina breath test indicates differences in gastric emptying based on age, gender, and BMI — Neurogastroenterology & Motility — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33484210/

• 2021 — Siun — A population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of YH12852, a highly selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor agonist, in healthy subjects and patients with functional constipation — CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology — https://rcastoragev2.blob.core.windows.net/79b5f3a4703259c5eb4c577266aaa6aae/PMC8376136.pdf

• 2022 — Vargas — Effect of endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty on gastric emptying motility and hormones - a comparative prospective study — Gut — https://mayoclinic.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/effect-of-endoscopic-sleeve-gastroplasty-on-gastric-emptying-moti/

• 2022 — Rapaka — Effects on physiologic measures of appetite from intragastric balloon and endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty - results of a prospective study — Chinese Medical Journal — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35788090/

• 2023 — Tack — Randomized clinical trial A phase 2b controlled study of the efficacy and safety of trazpiroben (TAK-906) for idiopathic or diabetic gastroparesis — Neurogastroenterology & Motility — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37533380/

• 2023 — Abell — A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b study of the efficacy and safety of velusetrag in subjects with diabetic or idiopathic gastroparesis — Neurogastroenterology & Motility — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36624727/

• 2023 — Karunaratne — Thoracic Spinal Nerve Neuromodulation Therapy for Gastroparesis — Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36152902/

• 2024 — Carlin — The Efficacy of Tradipitant in Patients with Diabetic and Idiopathic Gastroparesis in Phase III Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial — Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38237696/

• 2025 — Karrento — Little Patients Big Discoveries: Potential Pediatric to Adult Neurogastroenterology Translation — The American Journal of Gastroenterology — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40478271/

• 2025 — Milanovic — An open-label study on ulotaronts effects on insulin-glucose regulation in schizophrenia patients with metabolic syndrome and prediabetes: Part I — Diabetes, Obesity Metabolism — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41126393/

Gastroparesis Guidelines and Consensus Documents 

• 2018 — Keller — Advances in the diagnosis and classification of gastric and intestinal motility disorders — Nature Reviews – Gastroenterology & Hepatology — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6646879/

• 2021 — Schol — USG and ESNM European Consensus Paper on Gastroparesis — United European Gastroenterology Journal — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8259275/

• 2021 — Camilleri — A North American Perspective on the ESNM Consensus Statement on Gastroparesis — Neurogastroenterology & Motility — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8373778/

• 2022 — Camilleri — ACG Clinical Guideline: Gastroparesis — American Journal of Gastroenterology — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9373497/

• 2022 — Lacy — AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Medically Refractory Gastroparesis: Expert Review — Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology — https://files.medelement.com/uploads/materials/dd0b56fea7b4aa04a26a4421dacb2a84.pdf

• 2023 — Wang — Diagnostic Methods for Evaluation of Gastric Motility—A Mini Review — Diagnostics

• 2023 — Camilleri — From the Experts – ACG Issues New Guidance on Gastroparesis — Gastroenterology & Endoscopy News — https://www.gastroendonews.com/From-the-Experts/Article/03-23/ACG-Issues-Updated-Guidance-on-Gastroparesis/69653

• 2025 — Schol — Rome Foundation and international neurogastroenterology and motility societies’ consensus on idiopathic gastroparesis — Lancet – Gastroenterology & Hepatology — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39674226/

• 2025 — Staller — AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on Management of Gastroparesis — Gastroenterology — https://gastro.org/clinical-guidance/clinical-guidance-on-the-management-of-gastroparesis/

Scintigraphy – National Guidelines and Failure to Conduct Accordingly

• 2008 — Abell — Consensus Recommendations for Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy: A Joint Report of the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Society of Nuclear Medicine — American Journal of Gastroenterology — https://tech.snmjournals.org/content/36/1/44

• 2017 — Farrell — Compliance with Gastric-Emptying Scintigraphy Guidelines: An Analysis of the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission Database — Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology — https://tech.snmjournals.org/content/early/2017/01/31/jnmt.116.184473

• 2021 — Wise — Gastric Emptying Scans: Poor Adherence to National Guidelines — Digestive Diseases & Sciences — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32418002/

• 2021 — Gardella — Gastric half emptying time (T½) for 4-h gastric emptying scintigraphy simplifies reporting but reduces detection of gastroparesis — Neurogastroenterology & Motility — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34633719/

• 2024 — Maurer — Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy 2024: Still A Need for Compliance with Published Guidelines — Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology — https://tech.snmjournals.org/content/52/1/24

• 2024 — Muskus Vetia — An Evaluation of Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy Protocols in Health Care Institutions When Compared with the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Procedure Guidelines — Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38443111/

• 2024 — McKee — Gastric Emptying Solid-Meal Content and Misinformation on Social Media Platforms — Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology — https://tech.snmjournals.org/content/52/1/55.long

• 2024 — Lacy — Gastroparesis: time for a paradigm change — Current Opinions in Gastroenterology — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37678168/

• 2025 — Cangemi — Approach to Meal-Related Nausea and Vomiting — Gastroenterology & Hepatology — https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/january-2025/approach-to-meal-related-nausea-and-vomiting/